How Does a Letter of Credit Work?
A Letter of credit is basically a contract between four parties: the buyer, the seller, the issuing bank, the advising bank.
To get acquainted with the letter of credit procedure, let's look at the step-by-step movement of the money and documents:
- A buyer asks the supplier if they can by way of a letter of credit. The seller and buyer, then, agree on payment and delivery terms and sign a contract.
- The buyer applies to issue a Letter of Credit from his home country's issuing bank.
- The issuing bank will issue the Letter of Credit to the seller's designated bank, also known as the advising bank, confirming that the payment will be made once the required documents will be submitted and approved. This includes both clean documents per L/C clauses and documents with discrepancies that the buyer has accepted.
- The advising bank will verify the L/C and notify the Seller that the letter of credit has been received.
- Upon receiving the L/C, the seller ships the goods to the buyer.
- The seller provide the required documents to its advising bank proving that the L/C order has been fulfilled.
- The advising bank checks the documents and forwards them to the buyer's issuing bank.
- The issuing bank makes the payment (for sight L/C), or acceptance (for usance L/C), to the negotiating bank after verifying and approving the documents.
- The documents are then released to the buyer once he pays (for sigh L/C), or promises to pay later (for usance L/C) to the issuing bank. In case of any discrepancy in the documents, the buyer's issuing bank will refuse to pay, until the buyer makes a further decision.